American Holly

Ilex opaca (Aquifoliaceae) is a slow-growing evergreen tree native to the eastern and central United States from Massachusetts to Florida and Ohio to Texas. It typically reaches 15 to 30 feet in cultivation (up to 50 feet in the wild), forming an upright pyramidal crown. It is the only native U.S. holly with both spiny green leaves and bright red berries, making it instantly recognizable in winter. The species is dioecious, requiring both male and female plants for fruit set.

American holly prefers moist, neutral to acidic, well-drained soils and benefits from protection against cold winter winds. It tolerates part afternoon shade in hot climates but is intolerant of limestone soils and saturated ground. Bloom begins around 556 GDD (base 50 F), reaching full bloom near 642 GDD. The foliage is deer resistant and the berries, while mildly toxic to humans, provide important winter food for birds. Popular in holiday decorations, it also serves as a larval host for Henry's Elfin butterfly.