Red Elderberry
Sambucus racemosa
Adoxaceae · broadleaf deciduous shrub · native
Last updated
This profile synthesizes data from multiple published sources. Expert field review is in progress.
Red elderberry is a deciduous shrub native to Europe and northern Asia, reaching 10-15 feet tall with deeply divided, pinnate leaves. Unlike other elderberry species, it produces red berries in pyramidal panicles rather than flat-topped clusters. The flowers are white and fragrant.
Red elderberry tolerates moist soils and prefers light shade to full sun. Hardy to USDA zones 3-7, it is fast-growing and often colonizes disturbed sites. The berries are toxic to humans but are consumed by birds; the plant is grown primarily for ornamental value.
Quick Facts
Phenological Calendar
As of April 23, 2026, Puget Sound stations range from 1434.4 to 1592.7 GDD₃₂. Red Elderberry has reached 'first bloom' (1200 GDD₃₂) and is approaching 'fall color / leaf senescence', predicted around Jun 25.
Regional Season Tracker
GDD₃₂ accumulation across 7 Puget Sound stations · as of Apr 23, 2026| Station | GDD₃₂ | Current Stage | Next | To Go |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Issaquah / East King | 1,593 | 'First bloom' | 'Fall color / leaf senescence' | 1,519 |
| Seattle / UW | 1,554 | 'First bloom' | 'Fall color / leaf senescence' | 1,558 |
| Kent / Auburn | 1,537 | 'First bloom' | 'Fall color / leaf senescence' | 1,575 |
| Olympia / Tumwater | 1,505 | 'First bloom' | 'Fall color / leaf senescence' | 1,608 |
| Bellingham / Whatcom | 1,483 | 'First bloom' | 'Fall color / leaf senescence' | 1,629 |
| Tacoma / Puyallup | 1,472 | 'First bloom' | 'Fall color / leaf senescence' | 1,640 |
| Sequim / Rain Shadow | 1,434 | 'First bloom' | 'Fall color / leaf senescence' | 1,678 |
| Stage | GDD32 | Typical Window |
|---|---|---|
| 'Bud break' BBCH '07' | 603 | '' |
| 'Leaf emergence' BBCH '11' | 784 | '' |
| 'Flower buds visible' BBCH '51' | 926 | '' |
| ● 'First bloom' BBCH '61' NOW | 1200 | '' |
| ○ 'Fall color / leaf senescence' BBCH '93' NEXT | 3112 | '' est. Jun 25 (avg) |
| 'Fruit' BBCH '81' | 4845 | '' est. Aug 16 (avg) |
GDD = Growing Degree Days (base 32°F, Jan 1 start). Why base 32? GDD₃₂ thresholds from USA National Phenology Network citizen science observations (WA+OR). Season tracker for Kent / Auburn as of Apr 23, 2026. Predicted dates use 16-day weather forecast through May 9, 2026, then climate normals.