Cytospora Canker
Cytospora spp. (Valsa spp., Leucostoma spp.)
136 host plants
Last updated
This profile synthesizes data from multiple published sources. Expert field review is in progress.
Cytospora canker manifests as dead twigs and branches in spring, with foliage above the infection turning brown while remaining attached to the stem (creating "flags"). The canker itself appears as a sunken, elongated lesion in the bark, often with visible pinhead-sized fruiting bodies; in humid weather, you may spot amber or orange spore tendrils extruding from the bark. The fungus is vigorous in exploiting wounds from winter injury, sunscald, frost cracks, or pruning, and once it establishes in the cambium, it slowly girdles the stem. This disease affects pome fruits, stone fruits, and ornamental trees including oak and aspen.
Cytospora canker becomes a serious problem when trees are stressed and wounded, particularly in spring and early summer as the fungus resumes activity. Minimize damage by avoiding pruning wounds during the growing season, training trees properly to reduce branch breakage, and protecting against rodent damage and frost crack. Do not over-apply nitrogen or irrigate late in the season, as vigorous growth followed by cold snaps creates ideal conditions for canker formation. If you spot infected branches, prune them off at least a foot below any visible discoloration, sterilizing tools between cuts, and avoid establishing new orchards near badly diseased ones where inoculum loads remain high.
Quick Reference
Management
Peak infection risk during spring through early summer (April–July) when sap flow is rapid and wounds from pruning or weather damage are fresh. Spring wound entry establishes infections that expand through late spring into summer (May–Aug). Cankers reactivate each spring during dormancy break, with damage visible as branch flags in early growing season. Winter injury and frost cracks create late-season (November–March) wounds that become infection sites when sap flow resumes in spring. Trees are especially vulnerable when stressed from drought, nutrient imbalance, or poor vigor (BBCH 10–70, bud break through active growth).
Cytospora cankers reactivate with spring sap flow (March–May in Pacific Northwest); fungal activity is greatest during warm, moist periods (75–85°F with high humidity). Spore release is triggered by prolonged moisture (rain, dew, irrigation). Wounds are essential for infection entry; sources include pruning, frost cracks, sunscald damage, winter injury, and branch breakage. Stressed, weakened, or poorly vigorous trees are most susceptible. Overhead irrigation, late-season nitrogen, and dense shade all increase risk. The fungus exploits any break in the bark.
Cultural Controls
- Remove dead branches, cutting well below (at least 1 ft) any visible discoloration in the bark.
- Do not establish new orchards close to or downwind from badly diseased orchards.
- Treetop or other hedgerow pruning and overhead irrigation are not advised where the disease is a problem.
- Take special care to avoid wounding trees during the growing season.
- Tractors and sprayers commonly inflict such wounds, as do shakers, ladders, and pickers' feet.
- Train trees properly.